Deskriptive und etikettierende Benennung; Relativkonstruktionen (Ergebnisse eines Forschungsseminars über sprachliche Universalien)

Vorwort : Hansjakob Seiler Deskriptive und metaphorische Benennung im Bereich der deutschen Nominalformen : Rita Becker Die Anwendung des Prinzips der deskriptiven und etikettierenden Benennung auf Instrumentausdrücke im Deutschen und Ungarischen : Elisabeth Katz Etikettierende und deskriptive Benennung in Prä- und Postpositionalsystemen : Heribert Walter Das deskriptive Prinzip im Hebräischen : Edna Habel Anwendung der Prinzipien der deskriptiven und der etikettierenden Benennung auf Farbbezeichnungen im Deutschen : Charlotte Schwendy Deskriptiv vs. Etikettierend in der Fachsprache der EDV : Wolfgang Kirsch Relativkonstruktionen : Bernhard Clasen und Claudia Seip Die […] Arbeiten entstanden im Rahmen eines vom Unterzeichneten geleiteten Forschungsseminars über sprachliche Universalien im Wintersemester 1974/75. Das Interesse konzentrierte sich auf den als "deskriptive und etikettierende Benennung" bezeichneten Problembereich; die Relativkonstruktionen, hier durch eine Arbeit vertreten, hängen letztlich mit dem genannten Problembereich zusammen. Eine weitere Studie über Relativkonstruktionen sowie sonstige zur Zeit noch in Arbeit befindliche Aufsätze dieses Seminars werden vielleicht, in einem späteren Arbeitspapier Aufnahme finden

Review: optical fiber sensors for civil engineering applications

Optical fiber sensor (OFS) technologies have developed rapidly over the last few decades, and various types of OFS have found practical applications in the field of civil engineering. In this paper, which is resulting from the work of the RILEM technical committee “Optical fiber sensors for civil engineering applications”, different kinds of sensing techniques, including change of light intensity, interferometry, fiber Bragg grating, adsorption measurement and distributed sensing, are briefly reviewed to introduce the basic sensing principles. Then, the applications of OFS in highway structures, building structures, geotechnical structures, pipelines as well as cables monitoring are described, with focus on sensor design, installation technique and sensor performance. It is believed that the State-of-the-Art review is helpful to engineers considering the use of OFS in their projects, and can facilitate the wider application of OFS technologies in construction industry

Insights from regional and short-term biodiversity monitoring datasets are valuable: a reply to Daskalova et al. 2021

Reports of major losses in insect biodiversity have stimulated an increasing interest in temporal population changes. Existing datasets are often limited to a small number of study sites, few points in time, a narrow range of land-use intensities and only some taxonomic groups, or they lack standardised sampling. While new monitoring programs have been initiated, they still cover rather short time periods. Daskalova et al. 2021 (Insect Conservation and Diversity, 14, 1-18) argue that temporal trends of insect populations derived from short time series are biased towards extreme trends, while their own analysis of an assembly of shorter- and longer-term time series does not support an overall insect decline. With respect to the results of Seibold et al. 2019 (Nature, 574, 671–674) based on a 10-year multi-site time series, they claim that the analysis suffers from not accounting for temporal pseudoreplication. Here, we explain why the criticism of missing statistical rigour in the analysis of Seibold et al. (2019) is not warranted. Models that include ‘year’ as random effect, as suggested by Daskalova et al. (2021), fail to detect non-linear trends and assume that consecutive years are independent samples which is questionable for insect time-series data. We agree with Daskalova et al. (2021) that the assembly and analysis of larger datasets is urgently needed, but it will take time until such datasets are available. Thus, short-term datasets are highly valuable, should be extended and analysed continually to provide a more detailed understanding of insect population changes under the influence of global change, and to trigger immediate conservation actions

Nerve Growth Factor Serum Levels Are Associated With Regional Gray Matter Volume Differences in Schizophrenia Patients

Numerous neuroimaging studies have revealed structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia patients. There is emerging evidence that dysfunctional nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling may contribute to structural brain alterations found in these patients. In this pilot study, we investigated whether there was a correlation between NGF serum levels and gray matter volume (GMV) in schizophrenia patients. Further, we investigated whether there was an overlap between the correlative findings and cross-sectional GMV differences between schizophrenia patients (n = 18) and healthy controls (n = 19). Serum NGF was significantly correlated to GMV in the left prefrontal lobe, the left midcingulate cortex, and the brainstem in schizophrenia patients. However, we did not find any correlations of NGF serum levels with GMV in healthy controls. Schizophrenia patients showed smaller GMV than healthy controls in brain regions located in the bilateral limbic system, bilateral parietal lobe, bilateral insula, bilateral primary auditory cortex, left frontal lobe, and bilateral occipital regions. In a conjunction analysis, GMV in the left midcingulate cortex (MCC) appears negatively correlated to NGF serum levels in the group of schizophrenia patients and also to be reduced compared to healthy controls. These results suggest an increased vulnerability of schizophrenia patients to changes in NGF levels compared to healthy controls and support a role for NGF signaling in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. As our pilot study is exploratory in nature, further studies enrolling larger sample sizes will be needed to further corroborate our findings and to investigate the influence of additional covariates

Guidelines for the characterization and use of fibre optic sensors: basic definitions and a proposed standard for FBG-based strain sensors

This paper describes the outcome of two groups which are involved in the specification of guidelines for fibre optic sensors performance and testing. The "Guideline for use of fibre optic sensors" from the COST-299 guideline group, and the "Optical Strain Sensor based on Fibre Bragg Grating" from the GESA guideline group of the VDI - "The Association of German Engineers". Through appropriate specifications and definitions, both guidelines aim at enabling better understanding of fibre optic sensors characteristics and performances. A concise view into the structure of the guidelines is presented, emphasizing important aspects. The English version of the two guidelines will be available in autumn 2009

Guideline for Use of Fibre Optic Sensors

Development of standards and guidelines for performance specifications and testing for fibre optic sensors has been discussed since the mid-nineties of the last century in the scientific community as well as in the industry. Very global standards for the use of fibre optic components in data communication and telecommunication have been available for more than 20 years. Guidelines or substantial standards for fibre optic sensors are rather an exception. The first standard draft on generic specification of fibre optic sensors has been published in 1995 (IEC 61757-1:1995); the first draft for a specific type of fibre sensor - the fibre optic gyroscope - was published in 1996 (IEEE Standard Specification Format Guide and Test Procedures for Single-Axis Interferometric Fiber Optic Gyros; Working Draft P952/D24). Some terms used in fibre optic communication are quite close to the terminology typically used in fibre optic sensor technology. However, there are a huge number of specific issues associated with specifically fibre optic sensing systems. These items are not considered in existing guidelines or standards. For instance, standards for fibre optic sensors have to cover characteristic details related to the respective physical sensor mechanism, to the sensor response for different measurands, to the application, and finally to specific environmental conditions. Naturally, it is not possible to cover either all different aspects of fibre optic sensors in one standard or a set of harmonized standards. This very complex matter requires specific guidelines for specific sensor types (e.g. distributed sensors, point sensors such as fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, sensors for mechanical measurands such as strain, deformation, biological and chemical sensors or sensors for physical quantities such as pressure, humidity, and ionizing radiation). In order to define clear guidelines and/or regulations for appropriate characterization of performance specifications and better understanding of frequently used fibre optic sensors, particular activity has been established within the European COST Action 299 “FIDES” (Optical Fibres for New Challenges Facing the Information Society) in the framework of its Working Group 4: “New Challenges in Fibre Optic Sensors”

The contribution of insects to global forest deadwood decomposition

The amount of carbon stored in deadwood is equivalent to about 8 per cent of the global forest carbon stocks. The decomposition of deadwood is largely governed by climate with decomposer groups—such as microorganisms and insects—contributing to variations in the decomposition rates. At the global scale, the contribution of insects to the decomposition of deadwood and carbon release remains poorly understood. Here we present a field experiment of wood decomposition across 55 forest sites and 6 continents. We find that the deadwood decomposition rates increase with temperature, and the strongest temperature effect is found at high precipitation levels. Precipitation affects the decomposition rates negatively at low temperatures and positively at high temperatures. As a net effect—including the direct consumption by insects and indirect effects through interactions with microorganisms—insects accelerate the decomposition in tropical forests (3.9% median mass loss per year). In temperate and boreal forests, we find weak positive and negative effects with a median mass loss of 0.9 per cent and −0.1 per cent per year, respectively. Furthermore, we apply the experimentally derived decomposition function to a global map of deadwood carbon synthesized from empirical and remote-sensing data, obtaining an estimate of 10.9 ± 3.2 petagram of carbon per year released from deadwood globally, with 93 per cent originating from tropical forests. Globally, the net effect of insects may account for 29 per cent of the carbon flux from deadwood, which suggests a functional importance of insects in the decomposition of deadwood and the carbon cycle